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Breakage
Breakage is a dream to any company that requires some or all of its customers to prepay. It happens when someone prepays for a fixed amount and then fails to use any of the goods or services for which he has already paid. It may seem stupid, but if you think about it, it happens all the time, for reasons too numerous to count.
Heres an example. This past year, my wife, not knowing exactly which mind-numbingly boring economics book I wanted, gave me a gift certificate to Borders (NYSE: BGP ) . I promptly lost the gift certificate, which, in the Borders store only, was as good as cash. In other words, my wife spent $50 at Borders for books, scones, magazines, etc. that I will never be able to collect.
That's breakage, in this case for the full amount of a liability held on Borders' books. Breakage needn't be for the full amount. Starbucks' (Nasdaq: SBUX ) year-old store card program is deceptively easy. You pick up a card, tell the cashier to put X amount on the card, hand over X, and you're on your way. How many cards do you suppose are floating out there at this moment that have, say, 19 cents left on them that people just don't bother to redeem?
Most companies do not count gift certificates and store credits as earnings, keeping them as liabilities, with offsetting assets in the form of cash already collected. How sweet is it for a company to simply determine that a certain percentage of its trade liabilities will never have to be paid? That's breakage.
Slippage
Slippage is a little bit different. It works in any environment where services are provided on a timed or unit basis. Telecommunications is a great example. Each month, I get an itemization from AT&T Wireless (NYSE: AWE ) with all calls made and received in the month, counting up toward (and sometimes beyond) the number of minutes that come in my plan. Each fraction of a minute is rounded up.
If I talk to my mom for one minute and nine seconds, I'm billed for two minutes. The difference between 1:09 and two minutes is 51 seconds -- time that I'm billed for, but do not use. That's 51 seconds worth of slippage. And it adds up to a pretty penny for big carriers generating billings in the tens of billions of minutes each month. We're talking about time-measures services here, but it could just as easily be, say, gallons or BTUs or pounds or tons.
In some wholesale environments, slippage and breakage provide the lion's share of a company's profitability. Going back to telecommunications, let's say that I'm a wholesaler and I bill my customers on 30-second increments, meaning that if you're on the line for 31 seconds, you get billed for one minute. But my provider bills me on six-second increments, so I get billed for the same call at 36 seconds. Again, for bills that run into the millions of minutes, the differential adds up, and it's pure profit. Wholesaling companies like IDT (NYSE: IDT ) will occasionally break these things out in their financials.
Float
Float is a term most associated with banks or insurance companies. It's money paid to a company that it has not earned, and expects to pay out. If my car insurance is provided by Progressive (NYSE: PGR ) , the company has an asset (the cash), but it also has a liability (the expected future claim). But as long as the cash comes in faster than the claims do, Progressive is sitting on my money for what could be a considerable period of time.
This money is known as "float." What do insurance companies do with float? Invest it, of course! Many people don't realize that the business of insurance is actually quite awful, with companies on average losing money on their insurance operations. Where it becomes profitable is in holding and investing float while waiting for claims to be paid out. Berkshire Hathaway (NYSE: BRK.A ) CEO Warren Buffett notes that surprises in insurance are almost always bad. That's because they almost always require paying out float faster, which can cripple a company's ability to generate profits.
But insurers and banks aren't the only companies with float. Look back at the section on breakage. Gift certificates are a form of float, as are store cash cards. ADP (NYSE: ADP ) sweeps money earmarked for paying wages from employer accounts several days before paying them out to employees, and even longer before the checks are cashed. They make money on other people's assets in the interim -- they get paid interest on assets they do not own. A slow check casher is ADP's best friend.
Bong
Unlike the other terms I've described, "bong" actually refers to a service that can be counted as revenue the moment it is rendered, but, like the others, bong is tremendously profitable. Bong is exclusively a telecommunications term, and it refers to the connect fee for calls made with calling cards or with dial-around or other casual calling plans. Sprint (NYSE: FON ) , AT&T (NYSE: T ) , MCI, and other telecom companies all have plans that work this way. 10-10-987? That's MCI, even though the ads say "TelecomUSA."
Bong is named for the sound a pay phone makes when your coin drops. It is an access fee, a charge that you pay regardless of the length of a call. For example, your rate is 4.5 cents per minute, with a $1 connection charge or "bong." Think of those Terry Bradshaw/ALF/Mike Piazza/et al. ads for 10-10-220 (also MCI), where the gimmick is the value of a dollar. The tag line goes "99¢ for all calls up to 20 minutes and 7¢ per minute after that." What happens if you make a call using 10-10-220 and talk for only one minute? You still pay the bong of 99 cents. The moment you connect, you're charged that amount, and it doesn't matter if you talk a second or if you talk for 19 minutes and 59 seconds -- you still pay the bong.
Obviously, telecom companies love this type of arrangement since it means that the amount of slippage will necessarily be much higher. And for people who know they're going to make only a few calls, each quite long in duration, it's not such a bad deal, either. But get just a few answering machines and you'll find that you've paid more than 10 times the going rate for long distance. Ouch!
So there you have it -- breakage, slippage, float, and bong.
